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Contents
⬛ INTRODUCTION TO STEAM GENERATION WATER CHEMISTRY SYSTEMS
- Condensate feed water chemistry
⬛ INTRODUCTION
- Condensate/Feedwater System Construction Materials
- Condensate Chemistry Dissolved Oxygen
- Carbonic Acid Corrosion in Industrial Steam Generating Systems
- Mechanical Removal of Dissolved Oxygen and Other Gases
- Chemical Control of Dissolved Oxygen
- Oxygen Scavengers
- Safe Hydrazine Feed Systems
- Industrial Oxygen Scavenging
- Flow-Accelerated Corrosion
- Copper-Alloy Corrosion and Preventive Measures
- Additional Corrosion Control Requirements
- Oxygenated Treatment
- Feedwater Chemistry Guidelines
- Chemical Feed Systems
- Monitoring and Control of Condensate Contaminants
- Condensate Polishing and Treatment of Condensate Return to
- Industrial Boilers
- High-Pressure Boiler Condensate Polishing
- Deep-Bed Condensate Polishing
- Powdered-Resin Condensate Polishing
- Industrial Plant Condensate Polishing
- Conclusion
- Supplement -: Why Condenser Performance is Important
- Supplement -: BASIC Program for Monitoring Condenser
- Performance
- Case Histories
⬛ BOILER WATER CHEMISTRY
- Introduction
- Drum-Type Boiler Design
- Package Drum Boilers
- Field-Erected Drum Units
- Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers and Heat Recovery
- Steam Generators
- Once-Through Steam Generation
- Boiler Water Contamination
- Iron Oxide Deposition
- Condenser In-leakage
- Boiler Water Treatment Programs
- Early Boiler Water Treatment
- Coordinated and Congruent Phosphate Treatment
- Phosphate Hideout
- Alternative Phosphate and Non-phosphate Programs
- Equilibrium Phosphate Treatment
- Phosphate Treatment
- Chelants and Polymer Treatments
- Caustic Treatment
- All-Volatile Treatment
- Oxygenated Treatment
- Heat Recovery Steam Generators
- Sampling
- Layup and Off-Line Corrosion Protection
- Conclusion
- Supplement -: BASIC Program for Calculating
- Sodium-to-Phosphate Ratios of Boiler Water
- Case Histories
⬛ STEAM CHEMISTRY
- Introduction
- Primary Carryover Products
- Copper
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Chloride and Sulfate
- Iron Oxides
- Silica
- Sodium Phosphates
- Organics
- Mechanical Carryover
- Vaporous Carryover
- Solids Introduction by Contaminated Attemperator Water
- Superheater Exfoliation
- Water Chemistry Limits to Prevent Steam Contamination by Carryover
- Boiler Water Chemistry Guidelines for Control of Steam Chemistry
- Prevention of Contamination via the Attemperator System
- Control of Superheater and Reheater Exfoliation
- Steam Chemistry Monitoring
- Steam Chemistry Issues at Industrial Plants without Turbines
- Conclusion
- Case histories
⬛ HIGH-PURITY MAKEUP WATER TREATMENT
- Introduction
- Pre treatment
- Microbiocide Feed
- Clarification and Softening
- Filtration
- Activated Carbon Filtration
- Additional Pretreatment Methods
- High-Purity Makeup Treatment Methods
- Ion Exchange
- Exchange Groups
- Strong Acid Cation Resins
- Weak Acid Cation Resins
- Strong Base Anion Resins
- Weak Base Anion Resins
- Demineralizer Configurations and Mixed-Bed Exchangers
- Degasifiers
- Regeneration and Co-Current/Counter-current Systems
- Strong Base Anion Regeneration
- Weak Acid and Weak Base Exchangers
- Demineralizer Performance Calculations
- Strong Acid Cation Exchanger Calculations
- Strong Base Anion Exchanger Calculations
- Weak Acid and Weak Base Performance
- System Design Calculations
- Resin Volume and Vessel Diameter Calculations
- Backwash Requirements
- Regeneration Requirements
- Rinsing
- Mixed-Bed Polishing
- Monitoring Performance of Ion Exchanger Vessels
- Demineralizer Component Fundamentals
- Distributors
- Vessels
- Valves
- Materials
- Packed-Bed Demineralizers
- Other Makeup Technologies
- Reverse Osmosis
- RO Membrane Design
- RO Membrane Material
- RO Pretreatment
- RO Design
- RO Components
- RO Flow Control and Monitoring
- RO Alarms
- Size of a Reverse Osmosis System
- RO Cleaning
- Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal
- Electro-deionization
- Conclusion
- Supplement -: UV Light Disinfection
- Supplement -: Multimedia Filtration
- Supplement -: Activated Carbon
- Supplement -: Sulfuric Acid and Caustic Specifications
- Supplement -: Silt Density Index
⬛ COOLING WATER CHEMISTRY
- Introduction
- Cooling Systems
- Once-Through Systems
- Open Recirculating Systems
- Cooling Towers
- Cooling Tower Calculations
- Closed Cooling Systems
- Cooling Water Corrosion, Scale, and Deposit Mechanisms
- Corrosion
- Corrosion Influencing Mechanisms
- Nonmetallic Corrosion
- Corrosion Inhibitors
- Scale
- Calcium Carbonate
- Other Scales
- Scale Control
- Acid Feed
- Alkaline Treatment Methods
- Fouling
- Nonmicrobiological Fouling Control Methods
- Microbiological Fouling
- Control of Microbiological Organisms
- Chlorine
- Non-oxidizing Biocides
- Biocide Discharge Limits— Future Trends
- Macro fouling
- Zebra Mussels
- Conclusion
- Supplement -: Cooling Tower BASIC Program
- Supplement -: LSI and RSI BASIC Program
- Supplement -: Acid Feed Calculations
- Supplement -: Sizing a Side-stream Filter
- Supplement -: Specifications for Sodium Hypochlorite
- Case Histories
- Introduction
- The Need for Sampling
- Sample Point Selection
- Makeup System Effluent
- Condensate Storage Tank Effluent
- Condensate Pump Discharge
- Condensate Polisher Effluent
- Deaerator Inlet
- Deaerator Outlet/Boiler Feed Pump Suction
- Feedwater or Economizer Inlet
- Boiler Water
- Saturated Steam
- Main/Reheat Steam
- Cogeneration/Combined-Cycle/Industrial Plant Sampling
- Techniques to Obtain Representative Samples
- Sample Nozzle Design
- Sample Nozzle Installation
- Sample Point Location
- Primary Sample Conditioning
- Sample Flow Rate and Line Size
- Final Sample Conditioning
- Data Acquisition
- Conclusion
- Case Histories
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